Key
developments since May 2001: Legislation to implement the Mine Ban Treaty
domestically has been drafted. El Salvador submitted its initial Article 7
transparency report on 31 August 2001 and an annual updated report on 29 April
2002. El Salvador reported the destruction of 1,291 stockpiled antipersonnel
mines in 2000, leaving 5,344 in stock. In November 2001, an interagency
committee on the Mine Ban Treaty was established, with responsibility for
liaising with national and international organizations on demining and mine
survivor rehabilitation.
MINE BAN POLICY
El Salvador signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4
December 1997, the instrument of ratification was deposited on 27 January 1999,
and the treaty entered into force for El Salvador on 1 July 1999.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Ávila,
provided Landmine Monitor with an eight-page report dated 11 February 2002 in
response to the information on El Salvador contained in Landmine Monitor
Report 2001.[1] According
to the report, an Interagency Committee on International Humanitarian Law
coordinated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has developed a draft legislation
law that will penalize violations of the Mine Ban
Treaty.[2] The law had not yet
been presented to the national Legislative Assembly as of July 2002.
In November 2001, an interagency committee on the Ottawa Convention
(Comité Nacional Intersectorial para el seguimiento de la
Convención de Ottawa) was established, with representatives from the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Defense and the National Civil
Police.[3] According to the
Minister of Foreign Affairs, the committee is the official body charged with
liaising with national and international organizations on demining and mine
survivor rehabilitation.[4]
El Salvador attended the Third Meeting of States Parties in Managua,
Nicaragua in September 2001, with a delegation led by the Minister of Foreign
Affairs. In El Salvador’s general statement, Minister de Ávila
emphasized the “urgent necessity to create a permanent fund for landmine
victims” and the need for moratoria on production, as well as a UN General
Assembly resolution urging transparency in relation to
this.[5]
El Salvador cosponsored and voted in favor of UN General Assembly Resolution
56/24M in support of the Mine Ban Treaty in November 2001. A representative of
the Salvadoran Army attended the “Mine Action in Latin America”
conference in Miami, from 3-5 December
2001.[6] El Salvador
participated in the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in January and
May 2002.
On 31 August 2001, El Salvador submitted its initial Article 7 transparency
report (originally due by 27 December 1999), which reported on the period from 1
June 2000 to 31 August 2001. It subsequently submitted its annual updated
Article 7 Report on 29 April 2002, which reported on the period from 1 September
2001 to 31 March 2002.
In December 2001, El Salvador presented a list of 21 mine clearance experts
from the Armed Forces El Salvador to the UN Department of Disarmament Affairs in
response to a request from the UN Secretary General regarding Article 8 (9) of
the Mine Ban Treaty. These are individuals that could participate in any future
fact-finding mission carried out under Article 8 (Facilitation and Clarification
of Compliance).[7]
While El Salvador is a State Party to Amended Protocol II (Landmines) to the
Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) it did not attend the CCW meetings held
in December 2001.
PRODUCTION, TRANSFER AND USE
El Salvador reports that it has not produced
antipersonnel mines and has no facilities to produce any type of
mines.[8] El Salvador is not
known to have exported antipersonnel mines in the past. El Salvador imported
considerable quantities of antipersonnel mines, including M-14, M-26, and M18A1
Claymore mines, all manufactured by the United
States.[9] The guerrillas of
the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) made significant
numbers of homemade antipersonnel mines or improvised explosive devices. Both
the government and FMLN forces used mines throughout the 1980-1992 conflict.
STOCKPILING AND DESTRUCTION
El Salvador previously reported that in the period
from March 1993 through 1994, the Division of Arms and Explosives (DAE,
División de Armas y Explosivos) of the National Civilian Police (PNC,
Policía Nacional Civil) destroyed all remaining antipersonnel mines
stockpiled by the Salvadoran Armed Forces. In April 1997, El Salvador reported
this destruction to the Secretary General of the Organization of American States
(OAS).[10]
In May 2001, however, Landmine Monitor received a detailed response from the
Chair of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces of El Salvador, General
Alvaro Antonio Calderón Hurtado, which reported that El Salvador had a
stockpile of 5,657 antipersonnel landmines, including 4,937 M-14 and 720 M-26
antipersonnel mines, stockpiled in different parts of the
country.[11]
In its Article 7 Report submitted 31 August 2001, El Salvador reported
different numbers for its stockpile: 5,408 antipersonnel landmines, including
4,873 M-14 mines, 46 M-26 mines, and 489 M-18
mines.[12] It is unknown why
the numbers of M-14 and M-26 mines are smaller, since no stockpile destruction
was reported.
In its subsequent Article 7 Report submitted 29 April 2002, El Salvador
reported a stockpile of 5,344 antipersonnel landmines, reflecting the
destruction of 64 M-14 mines (see below). Thus, the stockpile consisted of
4,809 M-14 mines, 46 M-26 mines, and 489 M-18
mines.[13]
Destruction
El Salvador prepared a stockpile destruction plan
in early 1999, and by July a total of 1,291 mines were transferred to the
Hacienda El Angel in the department of La Paz for
destruction.[14] Destruction
was supposed to start in June 2000, but was delayed until November 2000, when 64
M-14 and 1,227 M-18 mines were
destroyed.[15]
The method of destruction was reported as demolition in an isolated area
following Ministry of Environment guidelines. No representatives of the media
or civil society are believed to have witnessed the destruction.
Another 1,229 mines (including 740 M-14 and 489 M-18 mines) were transferred
for destruction at the end of 2001. Destruction of these mines was scheduled to
take place in January 2002, but was delayed until August
2002.[16]
The Joint Chiefs of Staff indicated in May 2001 that stockpile destruction
would be completed no later than July
2003.[17] The deadline mandated
by the Mine Ban Treaty is 1 July 2003.
In its initial Article 7 Report, El Salvador indicated that no antipersonnel
mines would be retained for training under Article 3 of the Mine Ban Treaty.
The second Article 7 Report, however, indicates that 96 antipersonnel mines will
be retained for training (50 M-14 mines and 46 M-26
mines).[18]
Concerns have been expressed in the past that some stockpiles of
antipersonnel mines could exist outside of the control of the government in the
hands of bandits or in hidden arms
caches.[19] In August 2001, for
example, media reported that a large “tatú” (hidden or
abandoned weapons cache) was found one kilometer east of Moropala school, on the
road to Juacarán, in Moropala de Concepción Batres canton,
Usulután department.[20]
The tatú was assumed to have been buried during the war and
subsequently exposed by rains. A local peasant alerted the Division of Arms and
Explosives of the PNC, which removed and destroyed the weapons, including
homemade “quitapié” (foot-removing) mines.
According to an October 2001 media report, local residents in San Fernando,
in the department of Morazán in the east of the country, found a
tatú in Ocotillo canton, which included initiators for mines and
other munitions.[21] The head
of police in Morazán was quoted as saying, “We have discovered
weapons in several places in San Fernando and believe there are more; I believe
that the best option is to do a sweep of the entire zone.”
LANDMINE AND UXO PROBLEM
The Foreign Minister’s report to Landmine
Monitor in February 2002 provided more details on the past mine clearance
program than previously available. The National Demining Plan was implemented
by the government between March 1993 and January 1994 with participation by the
government, Armed Forces, and FMLN, with support from the UN Office in El
Salvador (ONUSAL) and
UNICEF.[22]
During the first phase of the plan (named the “Program for the
Prevention of Accidents by Mines and other Explosive Artifacts” or
“PAM 1”), mine affected areas were identified and marked off with
the collaboration of the Armed Forces and FMLN. Prevention messages developed
by UNICEF were broadcast on radio and television. In the second phase of the
plan (named “PAM 2”), the government contracted a Belgian company,
International Danger Disaster Assistance (IDAS), to clear the mines and 9,511
antipersonnel mines were subsequently cleared from 425 minefields covering an
area of 438 square kilometers, at a cost of $4.6
million.[23] In addition, the
Salvadoran Armed Forces cleared minefields from around military bases and
economic centers, destroying 8,590 antipersonnel
mines.[24]
Upon completion of the National Demining Plan in 1994, IDAS, along with the
Armed Forces, FMLN and ONUSAL, guaranteed that 97 percent of the mines were
cleared. The Foreign Minister said that this made El Salvador “the first
Central American country to be certified as free of antipersonnel
mines,”[25] although a few
months earlier she had acknowledged, “We still have three percent left to
demine and we will do it; the Armed Forces, NGOs and civil society
together.”[26] In May
2001, Lt. Col. José Ernesto Alas Sansur of the Armed Forces also told
Landmine Monitor that, “IDAS did not guarantee us complete mine clearance,
so that El Salvador has three percent of mines in those identified minefields
whose removal and destruction is
complex.”[27]
In its Article 7 Reports, in the form requesting information on locations of
mined areas, El Salvador states, “There is no information in this
category.”[28] In the
form requesting information on the destruction of antipersonnel mines that are
cleared from the ground, El Salvador reports “not
applicable.”[29] The 2002
Article 7 Report also states, “El Salvador is considered to be free of
mines, according to the company that carried out mine clearance in the
country.”[30]
However, a UK-based mine clearance NGO named the International Demining Group
(IDG) and its Salvadoran NGO partner, the Foundation for Cooperation and
Community Development (CORDES, Fundación para la Cooperación y el
Desarrollo Comunal de El Salvador) have identified approximately 150 square
kilometers for consideration for level one survey and/or demining operations in
the departments of Chalatenango, Cabañas, Cuscatlán and
Usulután, including 53 previously “unknown or unrecorded”
mine locations.[31]
In May 2001, a national media report noted that explosions of antipersonnel
mines and other UXO abandoned during the war continued, as did the list of
victims to the conflict.[32]
Marcos Alfredo Valladares, then the Attorney General in the Office for Human
Rights, told the reporter, “Many have concluded that country is mine-free,
but that is in contrast to
reality.”[33]
The Chief of the Arms and Explosives Division of the PNC, Sub-Commissioner
Hugo Salinas, told media that while he was convinced that the country was
mine-free, he accepted there were isolated cases of antipersonnel mines and UXO
found.[34] He was quoted as
saying, “There are no formal programs, what we do is survey the zone where
there has been information on the presence of abandoned explosives provided by
the locals.” Salinas also discussed limitations faced by his division,
such as lack of personnel and resources, including only having three mine
detectors in poor condition. The Division of Arms and Explosives keeps a list
of landmines and UXO reported and destroyed. In 2000, reportedly 575 explosive
UXO were gathered, of which 177 were destroyed and 298 deposited in stockpiles
for future destruction.[35]
MINE AND UXO CLEARANCE
The Ministry of Defense and the Division of Arms
and Explosives of the PNC are the authorized national institutions responsible
for clearance of any mines and UXO that might be
found.[36] The Army started
clearance operations in October 2001 from an area in the department of
Cuscatlán where Doctors Without Borders (Médicos sin Fronteras)
had reported that rural residents could not use the land because of the presence
of mines.[37] The Army cleared
an area of 30 blocks (manzanas) in an operation that took two months, but
no mines or UXO were found.
The Foreign Minister reported that in November 2001 the International
Demining Group presented a project titled, “Pilot Program for a Level I
and II Survey on Humanitarian Mine Action” to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Ministry of Defense and National Civilian Police, with the
“objective of carrying out a study on the issue in El
Salvador.”[38] Another
source states that a pilot demining program in El Salvador by IDG was due to be
implemented in late 2001 in coordination with CORDES in Suchitoto and
Chalatenango.[39]
Since 1997, El Salvador has contributed twenty military mine action
supervisors to the MARMINCA mine clearance efforts by the OAS in Central
America, including four supervisors in 2001 and four in
2002.[40] El Salvador also
provides mine clearance personnel to the UN mission in Kuwait
(UNIKOM).[41]
MINE RISK EDUCATION
The government maintains that since 1994, the
Division of Arms and Explosives of the PNC has carried out educational campaigns
for the prevention of mine accidents on a permanent basis in schools throughout
the country.[42]
LANDMINE CASUALTIES
There is no official information available on
landmine and UXO casualties in El
Salvador.[43] However, in May
2001, a legislative assembly deputy told Landmine Monitor that there were
approximately two incidents per month in rural areas because of UXO, and that in
2000 there were 25 casualties from incidents involving antipersonnel mines or
UXO.[44] In a March 2002 media
report, the Chief of Emergencies at Hospital Bloom in San Salvador, Dr. Carlos
Gabriel Alvarenga, reported that 27 children had been admitted to the hospital
with injuries caused by uxo.[45]
In 2001, three UXO incidents were reported in the media, in which five people
were killed and two injured. On 27 February 2001 three children were killed by
an unidentified explosive while looking for crayfish in El Carrizal canton, San
Simón, in the department of
Morazán.[46] On 26 May
2001 one peasant was killed and another injured by a reported “military
grenade,” in Piedra Grande Arriba canton in northern
Zacatecoluca.[47] On 9 October
2001, a 14 year-old youth was killed and his 9 year-old brother severely injured
after a US-manufactured fragmentation grenade they were handling exploded in San
Eugenio canton in Sonsonate.[48]
Casualties continue to be reported in 2002: on 29 April, a municipal worker
in San Salvador lost his hand and damaged his left eye after inadvertently
detonating a homemade grenade (“granada hechiza”) while cleaning out
a sewage drain with a
shovel.[49]
SURVIVOR ASSISTANCE AND DISABILITY POLICY AND PRACTICE
In El Salvador, persons with disabilities are
treated within the regular health care system. However, in many villages and
poor urban areas access to medical care and rehabilitation is
limited.[50]
The Center for Professional Rehabilitation of the Armed Forces (CERPROFA,
Centro de Rehabilitación Profesional de la Fuerza Armada) rehabilitates
military and former military
personnel.[51] CERPROFA has
offered technical support to Guatemala to establish a similar center and
manufactures prostheses for war-disabled in Honduras and
Nicaragua.[52] The mental
health clinics of the various military units also provide psychological support
for personnel
El Salvador had created a committee to oversee implementation of a program
within the framework of the Canada-Mexico-PAHO tripartite
project.[53] Since April 1999
the committee, which is coordinated by Salvadoran Institute for the
Rehabilitation of the Disabled (ISRI- Instituto Salvadoreño de
Rehabilitación de Inválidos), has carried out a number of
activities including workshops on community based rehabilitation in
Metapán and La Palma, Chalatenango; a workshop on clinical aspects of
community-based rehabilitation in Metapán; and training for two
physiotherapists from the Association of War Disabled of El
Salvador.[54]
The Landmine Survivors Network (LSN) program has two community-based outreach
workers, who are landmine survivors, to work with individual survivors to assess
their needs, offer psychological and social support, and educate families about
the effects of limb loss.[55]
As of April 2002, LSN El Salvador has identified 62 landmine survivors in the
departments of San Salvador and La Libertad. According to LSN, the
survivors’ most common needs are wheelchairs, assistance with housing
repairs and maintenance, medicines, crutches, prostheses, and assistance in
finding employment.[56] In
2001, LSN directly assisted 46 people, including 19 landmine survivors, made
contact with 96 others, including 39 landmine survivors, and developed a
national services directory used to link survivors to rehabilitation
services.[57]
The Association of the Organization of Disabled of El Salvador (PODES,
Asociación Promotora de la Organización de Discapacitados de El
Salvador) has been producing prosthetic and orthotic devices since 1993, and
currently has 22 employees, including 16 war disabled. As of July 2002, PODES
had assisted a total of 1,655 people, including 1,043 war disabled. Of the war
disabled, 617 people were injured by antipersonnel mines, of which five percent
were women. In addition to its workshop in San Salvador, PODES has smaller
workshops in Morazán, Usulután, Cabañas, Cuscatlán,
Chalatenango and Santa Ana. PODES has created a Social Fund to assist poor
disabled persons. PODES is currently seeking additional funding support to
maintain and further develop its
programs.[58] The Vietnam
Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) provides annual financial support and
training assistance to
PODES.[59]
The Trust for the Americas/AICMA/OAS, together with the Ministry of Labor and
the National Council for the Fundamental Care of People with Disabilities
implements a program of vocational training and assistance in job placement for
people with disabilities. More than 300 people have received computer training,
with more than 45 trainees subsequently being
employed.[60]
On 18-19 June 2001, prosthetics technicians from El Salvador attended the
First Regional Conference on Victim Assistance and Technologies, organized by
the OAS and the Center for International Rehabilitation (CIR), in Managua,
Nicaragua.[61] CIR has
developed a Lower Extremity Distance Learning program for prosthetic technicians
in El Salvador which also includes a clinical component implements by a
qualified prosthetist who provides hands-on
training.[62]
The National Family Secretariat (Secretaría Nacional de la Familia),
headed by the First Lady of El Salvador, is implementing a Law of Equality of
Opportunities for Disabled Persons (Ley de Equiparación de Oportunidades
para Personas con
Discapacidad).[63]
In El Salvador’s general statement to the Third Meeting of States
Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, the Minister of Foreign Affairs emphasized the
“urgent necessity to create a permanent fund for landmine
victims”.[64]
[1] Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Ávila,
Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, Report for El Salvador for 2002, 11
February 2002. Landmine Monitor received the report in a letter from Ambassador
Víctor Manuel Lagos Pizzati, Permanent Mission of El Salvador to the UN
in Geneva, dated 6 March 2002. Hereinafter cited as, “Minister of Foreign
Affairs Report, 11 February
2002.” [2] This is the
Comité Interinstitucional de Derecho Internacional Humanitario de El
Salvador (CIDIH-ES). Minister of Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
4. [3] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Report, 11 February 2002, p. 6. [4]
Ibid. [5] Statement by Maria Eugenia
Brizuela de Ávila, Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, to the
Third Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September 2001, pp.
1-4. [6] Col. Carlos Eduardo
Cáceres Flores attended. The Conference was sponsored by the US
Department of Defense; the Mine Action Information Center of James Madison
University; the Organization of American States (OAS); the US Southern Command;
and the US Department of State. See
http://hdic.jmu.edu/conferences/latinamerica/. [7]
Minister of Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
6. [8] Article 7 Report, Forms E and H,
31 August 2001; and Article 7 report, Forms E and H, 29 April
2002. [9] The US State Department has
reported that from 1982-1990, the US provided El Salvador 4,410 M-14s, 720 M-24s
and 47,244 M18A1s. Fact Sheets, “US Landmine Sales By Country” and
“Foreign Military Sales of US Mines,” received by Human Rights Watch
on 23 February 1994. [10] See Landmine
Monitor Report 2000, p. 269. [11]
Response to Landmine Monitor questionnaire by General Alvaro Antonio
Calderón Hurtado, Chair, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Armed Forces of El
Salvador, 8 May 2001. [12] Article 7
Report, Form B, 31 August 2001. The difference is 64 fewer M-14 mines, 674 fewer
M-26 mines, and reporting for the first time of 489 M-18 Claymore mines.
[13] Article 7 Report, Form B, 29 April
2002. The difference is 64 fewer M-14 mines than the previous Article 7
report. [14] Article 7 Report, Forms A,
D and F, 31 August 2001; and Article 7 Report, Forms A and D, 29 April 2002.
El Salvador states that it had destroyed some stockpiled mines previously.
According to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Salvadoran Armed Forces destroyed
1,010 M-14 antipersonnel mines in 1996 under “Operation
Borbollón.” The Minister of Foreign Affairs indicated this total
included mines removed from the ground by deminers as well as stockpiled mines.
Minister of Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
3. [15] Article 7 Report, Forms A and G,
31 August 2001; Minister of Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p. 3. The
M-18 Claymore mines were apparently destroyed because of their unstable
condition. See, Article 7 Report, Form A, 29 April
2002. [16] Article 7 Report, Forms A and
D, 29 April 2002. Landmine Monitor went to print before this destruction was
scheduled to occur. The M-18 Claymore mines are being destroyed because of their
unstable condition. Article 7 Report, Form A, 29 April
2002. [17] Response to Landmine Monitor
questionnaire by General Alvaro Antonio Calderón Hurtado, Chair, Joint
Chiefs of Staff, Armed Forces of El Salvador, 8 May 2001. See also Landmine
Monitor Report 2001, p. 336. [18]
Article 7 Report, Form D, 31 August 2001; and Article 7 Report, Form A and Form
D, 29 April 2002. [19] Graeme
Goldsworthy and Dr. Frank Faulkner, “This Hard Land: A Renewal of
Humanitarian Mine Action in El Salvador,” in “Landmines in Central
& South America,” Journal of Mine Action, Issue 5.2, Summer 2001, p.
21. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp.
336-337. [20] Carlos Montes,
“Hallan artifactos explosivos,” La Prensa Gráfica (San
Salvador), 7 August 2001; Rosa Fuentes, “PNC halló varias granadas
en ‘tatú,’” El Diario de Hoy (San Salvador), 7 August
2001. [21] Evelyn Granados,
“Destruyen tatú en Morazán,” El Diario de Hoy (San
Salvador), 31 October 2001. [22]
Minister of Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
2. [23]
Ibid. [24] Ibid.; Response to Landmine
Monitor questionnaire by General Alvaro Antonio Calderón Hurtado, Chair,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Armed Forces of El Salvador, 25 January
2001. [25] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Report, 11 February 2002, p. 2. [26]
Statement by Maria Eugenia Brizuela de Ávila, Minister of Foreign Affairs
of El Salvador, to the Third Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua,
18-21 September 2001, p. 2. [27]
Interview with Lt. Col. José Ernesto Alas Sansur, Joint Chiefs of Staff
of the Armed Forces, San Salvador, 18 May
2001. [28] Article 7 Reports, Form C, 31
August 2001 and 29 April 2002. [29]
Article 7 Reports, Form F and G, 31 August 2001 and 29 April
2002. [30] Article 7 Report, Form C,
Nota, 29 April 2002. [31] International
Demining Group, “Pilot Programme: A proposal for community-based
humanitarian mine action and development,” December 2000. Landmine Monitor
has a copy of the proposal. See also, Graeme Goldsworthy and Dr. Frank Faulkner,
“This Hard Land: A Renewal of Humanitarian Mine Action in El
Salvador,” in “Landmines in Central & South America,”
Journal of Mine Action, Issue 5.2, Summer 2001, pp.
22-23. [32] Ana Lidia Rivera, “La
muerte a flor de tierra,” Vértice, El Diario de Hoy (San Salvador),
20 May 2001. [33] Marcos Alfredo
Valladares, PDHH, in Ana Lidia Rivera, “La muerte a flor de tierra,”
Vértice, El Diario de Hoy (San Salvador), 20 May
2001. [34] Sub-Commissioner Hugo
Salinas, Division of Arms and Explosives of the PNC, in Ana Lidia Rivera,
“La muerte a flor de tierra,” Vértice, El Diario de Hoy (San
Salvador), 20 May 2001. [35] Ana Lidia
Rivera, “La muerte a flor de tierra,” Vértice, El Diario de
Hoy (San Salvador), 20 May 2001. [36]
Minister of Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
1. [37] Ibid., p.
6. [38]
Ibid. [39] Graeme Goldsworthy and Dr.
Frank Faulkner, “This Hard Land: A Renewal of Humanitarian Mine Action in
El Salvador,” in “Landmines in Central & South America,”
Journal of Mine Action, Issue 5.2, Summer 2001, p.
25. [40] The 20 supervisors constitute
nine percent of the total contributions to the program from regional countries,
and include: two in 1997 and 1998, and four in 1990, 2000, 2001 and 2002.
“Contributing Countries (International Supervisors) to the OAS Program of
Demining in Central America,” Table provided in email to Landmine Monitor
(HRW) from Carl Case, OAS, 18 June
2002. [41] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Report, 11 February 2002, pp. 3-5. [42]
Ibid., p. 6. In both Article 7 Reports, however, El Salvador reports “not
applicable” in the form for measures adopted to warn the population.
Article 7 Report, Form I, 31 August 2001; and Article 7 Report, Form I, 29 April
2002. [43] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Report, 11 February 2002; and response to Landmine Monitor questionnaire by
General Alvaro Antonio Calderón Hurtado, Chair, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Armed Forces of El Salvador, 8 May
2001. [44] Interview with Deputy Pablo
Parada Andino, Legislative Assembly, San Salvador, 28 May
2001. [45] Néfer Muñoz,
“Un total de 95 niños salvadoreños sufrieron heridas de bala
el pasado mes de enero, según el Gobierno,” Europa Press (Madrid),
1 Marzo 2002. [46] Ana Lidia Rivera,
“La Muerte a flor de tierra,” Vértice, El Diario de Hoy (San
Salvador), 20 May 2001. [47] Mauricio
Bolaños, “Un muerto y un herido al explotar ‘granada
militar,’” La Prensa Gráfica (San Salvador), 29 May
2001. [48] Victor Maldonado, “Un
muerto y un lesionado por explosión de granada,” El Diario de Hoy
(San Salvador), 9 October 2001. [49]
Guadalupe Hernández, “Empleado municipal pierde su mano derecha. Mi
mente la tengo para seguir adelante,” El Diario de Hoy (San Salvador), 8
May 2002. [50] For more details see
Landmine Survivors Rehabilitation Database – El Salvador, accessed at
www.lsndatabase.org; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp.
341-342. [51] Minister of Foreign
Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
2. [52] Statement by Maria Eugenia
Brizuela de Ávila, Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, to the
Third Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September 2001, p.
3. [53] The program involves
representatives of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Assistance, the
Salvadoran Institute for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled (ISRI), the
University of El Salvador, Ministry of Labor, Ministry of Education, the
Association of War Disabled of El Salvador (ALGES), and the National Commission
for the Integrated Care of Persons with Disabilities (CONAIPD). Minister of
Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
4. [54] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Report, 11 February 2002, p. 5. [55]
Response to Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance Questionnaire, LSN El Salvador,
3 March 2002. [56] Email to Landmine
Monitor from LSN El Salvador, 2 April
2002. [57] Response to Landmine Monitor
Survivor Assistance Questionnaire, Berta Alicia Flores, Social Worker, LSN El
Salvador, 13 March 2002. [58] Email to
Landmine Monitor (MAC) from José Leonidas Argueta Roldan, Executive
Director, PODES, 2 July 2002. [59] Email
to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from William Brown, Deputy for Administration, Vietnam
Veterans of America Foundation, 23 July
2001. [60] ICBL Portfolio of Landmine
Victim Assistance Programs, accessed at
www.landminevap.org. [61]
“Ayudarán más víctimas de minas antipersonales.
Primera conferencia regional de rehabilitación technología,”
El Nuevo Diario (Managua), 19 June
2001. [62] ICBL Portfolio of Landmine
Victim Assistance Programs, accessed at
www.landminevap.org. [63] Minister of
Foreign Affairs Report, 11 February 2002, p.
5. [64] Statement by Maria Eugenia
Brizuela de Ávila, Minister of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, to the
Third Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September 2001, pp.
1, 4.
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