Key
developments since May 2001: The Mine Ban Treaty entered into force for
Guinea-Bissau on 1 November 2001. In March 2002, an inventory of antipersonnel
mines was carried out, revealing a stockpile of 4,997 mines. In September 2001,
a National Commission for Humanitarian Demining was formally established.
Between November 2000 and April 2002, 175,000 square meters of land were
cleared. Guinea-Bissau's initial Article 7 Report, due by 30 April 2002, has
not yet been submitted.
MINE BAN POLICY
Guinea-Bissau signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3
December 1999, ratified on 22 May 2001, and it entered into force on 1 November
2001. No implementing legislation has been enacted. Guinea-Bissau’s
initial Article 7 Report was due by 30 April 2002. In May, the Director of the
National Mine Action Center (CAAMI) said the report was to be sent during the
month of June and the delay was due to a desire “to include the [landmine]
inventory, and we already have it, but we also wanted to know when the
Government plans to destroy the
stockpile.”[1] As of 31
July 2002, the report had not been deposited at the UN, although according to
the UN Technical Advisor for CAAMI, “The report was sent in
mid-June.”[2]
Guinea-Bissau attended the Third Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban
Treaty in September 2001, in Managua, Nicaragua. It also attended the
intersessional Standing Committee meetings in January and May
2002.[3] Guinea-Bissau was
absent from the vote on the 29 November 2001 UNGA Resolution 56/24 M, calling
for the implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. In response to a question about
the absence, an official said, “Guinea-Bissau is totally committed to the
Convention.”[4]
Guinea-Bissau is not a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW),
and did not attend either the third annual meeting of States Parties to Amended
Protocol II or the Second CCW Review Conference, both of which were held in
December 2001.
PRODUCTION, TRANSFER, STOCKPILING AND DESTRUCTION
Guinea-Bissau is not known to have produced or
exported antipersonnel mines. In February 1998, the government destroyed
several thousand mines, but there has been no destruction of stocks
since.[5] According to CAAMI,
“This gesture of goodwill [1998 destruction of mines], which was stopped
due to the war, will be resumed. And hopefully, I think, we will be able to
destroy most of our mines by the end of the
year.”[6] The
treaty-mandated deadline for destruction of the entire stockpile is 1 November
2005.
Between 25 and 27 March 2002, a joint delegation including representatives of
CAAMI, the Ministries of Internal Administration, Economy and Finance, and
Defense, UNICEF, and UNDP visited military facilities in the country to
inventory stockpiled landmines. The UN Technical Adviser for CAAMI told
Landmine Monitor that “4,997 mines, including PMD-6 mines, are stockpiled
in Gabu and other locations in the country such as Bafatá. Their
destruction will be planned
soon.”[7]
According to CAAMI, the stockpile is “around 5,000 antipersonnel mines,
most of which are concentrated in the city of Gabu, in the east of
Guinea-Bissau. The concentration was due to the recent conflict. Part of the
mines were previously in Bambadinca. The government forces, realizing the
strength of the Junta forces, took those mines and brought them to Gabu, which
was the safest location for them. The mines were left
there.”[8]
The stockpile is composed of “old mines that have expired...of the
seventies or so, of Portuguese and Belgian origin, but also some of Soviet
origin. So when we went there [the army magazines], most of the mines that were
found were of Soviet origin such as the PMD-6 and the
POMZ-2.”[9]
According to CAAMI, Guinea-Bissau will retain “a maximum of 50
mines” for instruction purposes, under the provisions of Mine Ban Treaty
Article 3, and “the majority will be inert” mines. “We will
also keep about five live mines as you cannot have an Engineering Unit without
having real mines; you cannot have military forces which have never seen real
mines.”[10]
LANDMINE PROBLEM
On a visit to CAAMI in February 2002,
Guinea-Bissau’s Prime Minister Alamara Nhassé said landmines are
“hampering the nation’s development. The mines are a problem for us
all as they restrict various activities, from agriculture (involving 80 percent
of the population) to children
playing.”[11] According to
the Prime Minister, the government “will support CAAMI’s actions as
one of its
priorities.”[12]
With the outbreak of conflict in 1998-1999, landmines became a real problem
in the capital of
Guinea-Bissau.[13] In December
2001, a report by HUMAID (a local NGO) estimated that the number of mines
remaining in the city of Bissau could range from about 2,000 to 4,000 landmines,
depending on mine concentrations in different
areas.[14]
Mines were used principally in five locations: around the Bissau airport,
along the demarcation line within Bissau, around the psychiatric hospital in
Bissau, along the border with Senegal, and along main routes in the south of the
country.[15] The mine-affected
neighborhoods in Bissau include: Enterramento, Antulo-Bono, Bôr, Bairro
das Pescas, Brá, and Plack.
Whereas only three areas (Bissau, Falacunda, and Buba) were reported as mined
in the 1998-99 conflict, a UNDP map provided to CAAMI identifies at least 12
other locations reported as still mined due to the liberation war: São
Domingos, Bigene, Dungal, Mansaba, Contuboel, Sonaco, Pitche, Buruntuma,
Bissasseme de Cima, Galomaro, Boe, and
Cutar.[16]
According to CAAMI’s Director, the “boundary, with no markings
except for a few posts, with Senegal is a seriously contaminated area. It was
mined to disrupt the activities of the rebels of Casamance who used the
territory of Guinea-Bissau as a shelter and to improve relations with Senegal.
There are mines and booby-traps. The government hasn’t yet given the
green light so that we can send people there do to an assessment, so this is why
this is our last
priority.”[17]
Guinea-Bissau and Bissau itself also have a very serious UXO problem,
particularly at an army arsenal in Brá that exploded during the last war.
On 10 April 2002, a demining technical coordination team from Handicap
International visited this site and reported various types of munitions
“are strewn over a radius of 5 kilometers around the epicenter.”
According to their report, four accidents were recorded in the area since the
beginning of 2002. It noted, “The polluted fields are cultivated and the
copper belts of the munitions are recovered ... by the
locals.”[18]
MINE ACTION FUNDING
According to CAAMI’s Director, “The
strategy was to put an end to the plague of landmines by 2004. But the
government hasn’t the funds. For many donors, Guinea-Bissau is not a
priority. At first we had presented a plan which totaled $5.8 million for the
whole country. But after one year of work, we reduced our funding call to
approximately $4 million. With this money, we would solve the problem. However,
we are not receiving these
funds.”[19]
It would appear that about $1.62 million was provided for mine action in
Guinea-Bissau in 2001. The UN Mine Action Database indicates that in 2001,the following countries gave $1,189,000 for mine action in Guinea-Bissau:
Finland, $60,000; the Netherlands, $500,000; the United States, $489,000; the
United Kingdom,
$140,000.[20]
The Netherlands provided $500,000 to support all of the activities of CAAMI,
including awareness-raising.[21]
In its fiscal year 2001, the United States provided $489,000 in assistance,
“primarily to support the nongovernmental organization HUMAID’s mine
clearance operations, the remainder for the purchase of equipment for
Guinea-Bissau's Mine Action
Center....”[22]
In addition to the above funds reported to the UN, for 2001 Germany has
reported providing $138,660 to HUMAID, Sweden has reported providing $100,000 to
HUMAID, and France has reported providing $192,685 to Handicap International for
its work in Guinea-Bissau.[23]
Handicap International also received $288,000 over three years from the Diana,
Princess of Wales Memorial Fund for HI’s survivor assistance program in
Guinea-Bissau.[24]
HUMAID’s Administrator told Landmine Monitor in June 2002 that since
November 2001, HUMAID “is solely working on US funds, which will enable
HUMAID to last six
months.”[25] He said in
the past HUMAID had received funding from Austria, France, Germany, Sweden, and
the UK. During the period 1 June 2001 through 31 May 2002, HUMAID’s
expenses totaled
US$355,841.[26]
UNDP financed and launched the MAX (Mine Action Exchange) Program, which
seeks to maximize the regional competence in humanitarian technical demining
standards within the Portuguese-speaking countries. The project uses ADP
Mozambique deminers as trainers. The UNDP budget is $246,712 to train and equip
two mine action groups (61 deminers) and $312,715 for the two groups to operate
for 12 months.[27] In May 2002,
two experts began training deminers for a new Guinea-Bissau mine clearance NGO,
LUTCAM.
MINE ACTION COORDINATION
The National Mine Action Center (CAAMI) was
established in March 2001, and a draft National Humanitarian Mine Action Program
(PAAMI) was prepared in early 2001. On 10 September 2001, Decree 55/001 formally
created the National Commission for Humanitarian Demining (CNDH), which works as
the steering committee appointed by the government. UNDP and other UN agencies
are full members of CNDH.
According to the UNDP, its priorities in support of the national mine action
program include: developing a level one initial impact survey in Bissau and
outside to be able to adequately mark suspected areas; fostering further
development of a national mine action NGO; providing training in humanitarian
standards; and developing a national mine action database using the Information
Management System for Mine Action
(IMSMA).[28]
In April 2002, CAAMI requested a needs assessment mission by Handicap
International (HI). According to the HI Demining Technical Coordinator,
“The coordination between the different demining actors is incomplete and
there are some gaps at the organizational level. The basic techniques are
present but the methods for managing the space of the site and regarding
security need to be perfected. The security problems are often due to lack of
means.... However, the mission noticed a great receptivity to the commentaries
and a will to increase the knowledge of demining security
criteria.”[29]
MINE CLEARANCE
Mine clearance priorities are based on the extent
of the mine problem, the consequences for civilians and the government policy as
far as the border with Senegal is concerned. Therefore, according to
CAAMI’s Director, “The first priority is Bissau, because it’s
our capital and almost one-third of the population of Guinea-Bissau is
concentrated there, and because the mines are located between houses and
schools. Then, we will work in the South, where there are mines from both wars -
the colonial war and the recent one. After that, the Eastern region, where we
verified that most mines are Portuguese antitank mines, in the area of Buruntuma
e Canquelifá, in the Gabu region. Once we’re finished with these
regions, we will concentrate all our work on the border with
Senegal.”[30] With regard
to the capital area, the UN technical advisor considers that the priorities are
already quite clear: “Bra, Enterramento, the northern outskirts of Bissau
really.”[31]
Although there was some minor military demining within Bissau just after the
war, the military is no longer involved in
clearance.[32] HUMAID has been
the sole mine clearance NGO in the country, operating since early 2000. HUMAID
has 35 deminers.[33] Its
deminiers received two weeks of refresher training in May 2002 from ADP
Mozambique.[34] In 2001 and
2002, HUMAID worked in Bairros Brá, Bor, Enterramento, and Manuel
Água.
CAAMI’s UN Technical Advisor told Landmine Monitor that between
November 2000 and April 2002, 175,000 square meters of land were cleared and
5,000 UXO and 2,500 mines were destroyed, of which 86 percent were antipersonnel
mines.[35] Between 1 June 2001
and 31 May 2002, HUMAID reported clearing 136,477 square meters of land; it
destroyed 976 antipersonnel mines, 30 antitank mines, and 6,277
UXO.[36]
A new mine action NGO, LUTCAM, is scheduled to begin activities with 12
deminers in late July 2002.[37]
The sappers were trained in humanitarian demining and survey techniques by ADP
Mozambique. With the support of UNDP, they will train other deminers, with a
goal of 70 deminers working for LUTCAM. LUTCAM is to carry out a survey to
determine demining priorities within Bissau itself, due to be completed by
September 2002.
In addition to clearance, minefield marking is also a priority. According to
the UN technical advisor, while some marking was carried out by the military
“after the last war,” it was not done to standard, so the
“marking is sometimes
inadequate.”[38] Between
1 June 2001 and 31 May 2002, marking activities were limited to replacing signs
that had been stolen or otherwise removed from
minefields.[39] CAAMI reported,
“We are waiting for some material which is about to arrive. HUMAID already
did some marking but the population innocently took these metal signs and
placards for domestic use. So, we will have to mark the mine-affected areas
again in Bissau but only after the Level one
survey.”[40]
The HI Technical Coordination Mission noted, “The population does not
respect the marking of the mined zones. The population works in the suspected
areas planting rice crops and collecting salt. This disrespect for the marking
is due to the fact that the markings were not taken out after the end of
demining work in a site. The marking is partial (25 percent - meaning that only
one side of the field is marked and the other three are not) or insufficient.
UXO are strewn on the edges of the roads without any specific marking of the
area.... In a country deprived of various things and where the population sells
almost anything, one should expect the recovery of explosives and metal.
Rockets are used as boundary-marks for the
fields.”[41]
MINE RISK EDUCATION
UNICEF established a Mine Awareness Committee
(COAM) that has met bi-weekly since April 1999, to plan and coordinate mine risk
education. There are three main focus areas: information, training, and
logistics. Funded by the government of Canada, the program includes the
production of marking ropes, marking triangles, T-shirts, labels, billboards,
comic books and mine awareness posters. According to CAAMI, at least eight NGOs
are participating in some kind of mine awareness
activities.[42] To fully
implement the program, a total of US$127,000 is needed.
Mine awareness teams and activists are working in all neighborhoods of Bissau
and its outskirts. Outside Bissau, mine awareness teams had covered the main
mine-affected areas of the country, except for the São Domingos area and
the northern region beyond the Cacheu river due to the security
situation.[43] ANDES, a local
NGO, and Handicap International requested a permit for mine risk education
activities in the northern area of the country, notably working with radio
stations.[44] ANDES and
Handicap International have been training mine awareness activists in various
parts of the country. ANDES has a total of 26 mine awareness instructors.
In April 2002, the mine awareness tools were analyzed and updated and the
mine awareness sessions were reinforced in risk areas of Bissau, Enterramento,
Brá, and Bor. HI also supported a mine risk education PEPAM theater in
Buba (South).[45]
The mine risk education activities are supported by UNDP, UNICEF and FCILD
(Canadian Fund for Local Initiative). ANAPRODEM and ANDES also work in the east
part of country toward Gabu.[46]
HUMAID personnel also “brief the residents near the minefields concerning
the dangers posed by mines and UXO. In radio and TV interviews, HUMAID
personnel have explained the dangers and urged people not to enter the areas
marked with warning
signs.[47]
LANDMINE CASUALTIES
In 2001, mine and UXO casualties continued to be
reported, however, no comprehensive statistics are kept. Between June 2000 and
March 2001, HUMAID reported five mine
incidents.[48] In March 2001,
one incident involved eight children in
Bolama.[49] According
CAAMI’s UN Technical Advisor, “There is a regular victim rate of two
to three persons per month, and this number increases to four or five a month
during the months of the cashew and rice harvest
season.”[50] Several
incidents have been reported between January and June 2002. On 26 January, a
12-year-old girl was injured by a grenade blast while lighting a fire in the
Enterramento area. On 26 February, another incident in Enterramento involved
two children, who were severely injured by shrapnel, while burning household
garbage. In March, a soldier was injured by a grenade in São Domingos,
near the Senegalese border.[51]
Also in March, a man was killed in a UXO explosion. In April, a man lost his
leg after stepping on a landmine in the Bôr area. Another incident took
place in April when, after a power failure, a Waters and Electricity of
Guinea-Bissau employee stepped on a mine and lost a leg below the
knee.[52]
SURVIVOR ASSISTANCE
The health care system was seriously affected by
the 1998/1999 conflicts, and capacities for the care and rehabilitation of
mine/UXO casualties are limited. Most landmine casualties are treated at either
the Simões Mendes Hospital or the Military Hospital at the airport. The
government reportedly does not have the resources to assist mine/UXO survivors,
but it is working with Handicap International and ANDES to rehabilitate the
disabled.[53] There are two
prosthetics facilities in Bissau; one is governmental and the other is run by
ANDES, with the support of HI.
ANDES runs the orthopedic center called the Casa Amiga dos Deficientes (the
Friendly House of the Disabled) and supports 16 mine/UXO survivors with
physiotherapeutic treatment and ten others are waiting for prosthetic care. The
patients, mostly children, receive regular care in the Center. ANDES has
reported problems maintaining an adequate supply of prosthetic material. In the
past, ANDES supported the social and vocational reintegration of its patients,
but as of mid-2002 no funds were available to provide these services. ANDES
provides psychological support for survivors when needed. ANDES will also
assist disabled soldiers of the liberation war, but is waiting on details of the
intended beneficiaries. ANDES receives funding from HI, the Diana, Princess of
Wales Memorial Fund, and the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. According to
ANDES, CAAMI has the responsibility for data on landmine
casualties.[54]
There are several other local civilian associations working with people with
disabilities, including mine survivors, such as ANAPRODEM, UNDEMO and
AGUIPADE.[55]
A census on the victims of landmines and other explosive remnants of war is
underway, with at least 57 casualties identified to May 2002. Full details of
the census should be available later in
2002.[56] Handicap
International recently completed a study on the reintegration of disabled
soldiers for the Program of Demobilization, Reinsertion, and Reintegration
(PDRRI).[57] An independent
study provided by Handicap International identified 1,687 disabled soldiers but
no details are given on the cause of
injury.[58]
DISABILITY POLICY AND PRACTICE
There is no law or decree to assist disabled
civilians in Guinea-Bissau. However, fighters in the liberation war against
Portugal are entitled to medical and pharmaceutical care in a special clinic and
pharmacy. For others not injured as a direct result of the liberation war
– including the military serving in the last war – there is no such
entitlement. The demobilization plan, PDRRI, does not have any specific
provisions for landmine survivors. According to CAAMI’s Director,
survivor assistance is not within its
mandate.[59]
[1] Interview with Eng Cesar Lopes de
Carvalho, Director of National Mine Action Center (CAAMI), Geneva, 29 May 2002.
[2] Telephone interview with
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, National Mine Action Center
(CAAMI), Bissau, 17 June 2002. [3]
Interview with Eng César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [4]
Ibid. [5] The original number given for
mines destroyed was between 2,000–2,300, see Landmine Monitor Report 2000,
p.167; Le Soleil, 9 February 1998. In a 17 June 2002 telephone interview,
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor for CAAMI, stated that a total of
4,711 mines had been destroyed in February
1998. [6] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [7] Telephone interview with
Gerard Chagnoit, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17 June
2002. [8] Interview with Engº
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [9]
Ibid. [10]
Ibid. [11] Statement by Prime Minister,
Alamara Nhassé, “Landmines Hinder Development” (English
article version), LUSA (Portuguese International News Agency), Bissau, 20
February 2002. [12] Statement by
Prime Minister Alamara Nhassé, “Minas condicionam desenvolvimento
do país” (Portuguese article and long version), LUSA (Portuguese
International News Agency), Bissau, 20 February 2002.
[13] For details see Landmine Monitor
Report 1999, pp.154-156; Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 167-168; Landmine
Monitor Report 2001, p.79. Landmine Monitor reported use of mines by all
fighting forces in that conflict, including by Guinea-Bissau and Senegal,
although all denied use. [14] HUMAID,
“Estimates of the number of square meters and mines remaining in the City
of Bissau,” 14 December 2001. Estimates of the total number of mines in
the country have ranged from 5,000-40,000. The generally used figure is about
5,000. [15] Major Hervé
Petetin, “Mine Situation in Guinea-Bissau,” UNMAS, December 1998, p.
1. [16] Report by CAAMI,
2002. [17] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, National Mine Action Center, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [18] “Technical Mission
Report, Handicap International in Guinea-Bissau,” Lyon, April 2002; e-mail
and telephone communications with Manuel Gonzal, Technical Coordination Mission,
Handicap International, Lyon, 14-19 June
2002. [19] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [20] Mine Action Database, figures
provided by
http://webapps.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/mai/frameset.asp. [21]
“Report of the Secretary-General on the developments in Guinea-Bissau and
on the activities of the United Nations Peace-Building Support Office in that
country,” S/2002/312, New York, 26 March 2002, p.
3. [22] U.S. Department of State,
“To Walk the Earth in Safety: The United States Commitment to Humanitarian
Demining,” November 2001. p.
7. [23] See individual country reports
for each donor in this edition of Landmine Monitor
Report. [24] Email from Sheree Bailey,
HIB and Landmine Monitor thematic coordinator for survivor assistance, 19 July
2002. [25] Telephone interview with John
Blacken, Administrator, HUMAID, Bissau, 18 June
2002. [26] E-mail from John Blacken,
HUMAID, 19 June 2002; telephone interview with John Blacken, 18 June
2002. [27] “Support to the
Guinea-Bissau National Humanitarian Mine Action Program,” UNDP, November
2001. [28]
Ibid. [29] E-mail and telephone
communication with Manuel Gonzal, Technical Coordination Mission, Handicap
International, Lyon, 14-19 June 2002; “Compte rendu de la Mission de
Coordination Technique” (“Technical Mission Report”), Handicap
International in Guinea-Bissau, Lyon, April
2002. [30] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [31] Telephone interview with
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17 June
2002. [32] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [33] Telephone interview with
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17 June
2002. [34] E-mail from John Blacken,
Administrator, HUMAID, 19 June
2002. [35] Telephone interview with
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17 June
2002. [36] E-mail from John Blacken,
Administrator, HUMAID, in response to a questionnaire, 19 June 2002. Most of
the UXO were collected near Ilonde, which HUMAID cleared in May 2002. Thousands
more were scheduled to be destroyed in June and many thousands remain scattered
over an area with a radius of about a
kilometer. [37] Telephone Interview with
Irene Laval, CAAMI, Bissau, 14 June 2002; UN Security Council, “Report of
the Secretary-General on the developments in Guinea-Bissau and on the activities
of the United Nations Peace-Building Support Office in that country,”
S/2002/312, New York, 26 March
2002. [38] Telephone interview with
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17 June
2002. [39] E-mail from John Blacken,
Administrator, HUMAID, 19 June
2002. [40] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [41] E-mail and telephone
communication with Manuel Gonzal, Technical Coordination Mission, Handicap
International, Lyon, 14-19 June 2002; “Compte rendu de la Mission de
Coordination Technique” (“Technical Mission Report”), Handicap
International in Guinea-Bissau, Lyon, April 2002.
[42] Interview with Eng. Cesar Lopes de
Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [43] Telephone Interview with
Irene Laval, Mine Risk Education Assistant, CAAMI, Bissau, 14 June
2002. [44] Report by Handicap
International, “Rapport d’activités du programme Handicap
International en Guinée Bissau,” Bissau, January to April
2002. [45]
Ibid. [46] Telephone Interview with
Irene Laval, Mine Awareness (PEPAM) Assistant, CAAMI, Bissau, 14 June
2002. [47] E-mail from John Blacken,
Administrator, HUMAID, 19 June
2002. [48] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
p.83. [49] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, Director of CAAMI (National Mine Action Center),
Geneva, 29 May 2002. [50] Telephone
interview with Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17
June 2002. [51] Report by Handicap
International, Rapport d’activités du programme Handicap
International en Guinée Bissau, Bissau, January to April
2002. [52] Telephone interview with
Gérard Chagniot, UN Technical Advisor, CAAMI, Bissau, 17 June
2002. [53] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [54] Telephone interview with
several unnamed members of ANDES, Bissau, 18 June
2002. [55] Report by Handicap
International, “Rapport d’activités du programme Handicap
International en Guinée Bissau,” Bissau, January to April
2002. [56] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [57] Report by Handicap
International, “Rapport d’activités du programme Handicap
International en Guinée Bissau,” Bissau, January to April
2002. [58] Handicap International,
“Annual report on Guinea Bissau,” 22 March 2002; telephone Interview
with Eric Debert, HI Guinea-Bissau Program Director, 20 June
2002. [59] Interview with Eng
César Lopes de Carvalho, CAAMI, Geneva, 29 May 2002.
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