Key
developments since May 2001: Sweden completed the destruction of its
antipersonnel mine stockpile in December 2001. Sweden is retaining 13,948
antipersonnel mines for permitted purposes, the second highest number of any
State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. Mine action funding in 2001 totaled SEK91.6
million ($8.5 million), an increase from 2000. In November 2001, Sweden
finalized its new policy guidelines on mine action funding.
MINE BAN POLICY
Sweden signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December
1997 and ratified it on 25 November 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 May 1999.
National implementation was achieved by additions to existing legislation,
entering into force at the same
time.[1]
Sweden submitted its annual Article 7 transparency report on 25 April 2002,
covering the period from 1 April 2001 to 1 April 2002. The report includes the
voluntary Form J, reporting details of mine action
funding.[2]
Sweden participated in the Third Meeting of State Parties to the Mine Ban
Treaty in September 2001 in Managua,
Nicaragua.[3] A statement was
delivered by Belgium on behalf of European Union (EU) member States. Sweden
also participated in the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in January
and May 2002.[4] At the
meetings in January 2002, the delegation reported completion of the stockpile
destruction program in December 2001, and that its Claymore-type mines had been
modified to be compliant with the Mine Ban
Treaty.[5] At the meetings in
May 2002, Sweden stated its position on the issue of States Parties assisting
non-States Parties in joint military activities involving antipersonnel mines
(see below).
On 7 February 2002, at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the Swedish
Foreign Minister Anna Lindh gave a speech, which included the issue of
universalization of the Mine Ban Treaty. She said, “The rapid entry into
force of the Ottawa Convention and its large number of States Parties has led to
an international norm against the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of
anti-personnel mines. But still some States continue to stay outside the
framework of the Convention. I call upon those States to adhere to the
Convention so that we can rid the world of anti-personnel
mines.”[6]
The Ministry of Defense said that the issue of accession to the treaty is on
the agenda when Swedish officials plan dialogue with countries not party to the
treaty. During the Swedish Presidency of the European Union (1 January-30 June
2001) Sweden did not consider it possible to make universalization of the Mine
Ban Treaty an issue, since not all Member States are parties to the
treaty.[7]
On 29 November 2001, Sweden cosponsored and voted in favor of United Nations
General Assembly Resolution 56/24M calling for universalization and full
implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Sweden was chief sponsor of UNGA
Resolution 56/28, calling on States to adhere to Amended Protocol II to the
Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) without delay. During its Presidency
of the EU, Sweden started a process which resulted in a common EU position at
the Second CCW Review Conference in Geneva in December
2001.[8]
At the Review Conference, Sweden delivered a statement stressing the
challenges concerning “explosive remnants of war” (ERW) and the need
for a CCW protocol on ERW. Sweden supported the CCW’s extension to
internal armed conflicts, compliance mechanisms, and proposals to increase the
technical regulations on antivehicle mines, noting that the “threat from
mines forces humanitarian relief operations to use expensive air
transports.”[9] Sweden
also attended the Third Annual Conference of States Parties to CCW Amended
Protocol II in December 2001, and submitted the annual report required by
Article 13 of the protocol in December
2001.[10]
Early in 2002, the government prepared a comprehensive policy on issues
related to mine clearance, such as humanitarian and military demining, victim
assistance, mine awareness, and assistance to other States in the destruction of
their stockpiles of antipersonnel mines. The aim is to assure that all state
actors involved in mine action work towards the same goals and have the same
vision, and to facilitate better coordination between state actors and give
support and guidance in their practical work. The policy was to be presented to
Parliament before June
2002.[11]
Joint Military Operations
Regarding the issue of participation in joint
military operations with countries not party to the Mine Ban Treaty, a policy
document “Swedish position on the significance of Article 1(c) of the
Ottawa Convention as regards participation in international peace
operations” was published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in September
2001.[12] Article 1(c) says
that States Parties undertake never under any circumstances to “assist,
encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity
prohibited” by the treaty.
The Swedish policy document states, “Article 1(c) ought not to be
interpreted so that any kind of participation in a joint military operation with
a non-party would be considered as an encouragement to activities under the
Ottawa Convention.” Sweden believes that Article 1(c) is intended
“to prevent active participation in activities prohibited by the
Convention.”[13]
The document states that Sweden will decide to participate in joint
operations with States not party to the treaty on a case-by-case basis. In the
event of participation on a bilateral basis in joint operations with States not
party to the Mine Ban Treaty, “Sweden will bring its obligations under the
[treaty] to the attention to the other
State.”[14]
In February 2002, Foreign Minister Anna Lindh told Parliament: “Our
cooperation in a joint military operation in which one of the participating
states uses antipersonnel mines could be considered a violation of the spirit of
the convention if we not in all ways counteracted the use of antipersonnel
mines.”[15]
At the Standing Committee meeting on 1 February 2002, Sweden summarized its
position on this issue, noting that mere participation in a joint military
operation with a non-State Party using antipersonnel mines would not be a
violation of the Mine Ban Treaty. However, Sweden would “do its
utmost” to prevent use of antipersonnel mines by
others.[16]
Sweden is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but
does currently participate in joint peacekeeping operations with States that are
not party to the Mine Ban Treaty.
STOCKPILING AND DESTRUCTION
On 19 December 2001, the Defence Material
Administration reported that destruction of all stockpiled antipersonnel mines
had been completed, in accordance with Parliament’s decision in 1996, with
the exception of mines retained for permitted
purposes.[17] National
legislation preceding the Mine Ban Treaty obliged destruction of all
antipersonnel mines by the end of 2001, earlier than the treaty deadline of 1
May 2003.
The most recent Article 7 Report confirms completion of stockpile
destruction, and reports that 2,348,149 antipersonnel mines were destroyed after
entry into force on 1 May 1999. This included a final 13,080 Truppmina 10 mines
from April-December 2001.[18]
The total number of antipersonnel mines destroyed by Sweden is not known,
because the size of Sweden’s stockpile when the destruction program began
in 1998 has not been reported; from partial data, Landmine Monitor has
previously estimated the initial stockpile at 3.2 million antipersonnel
mines.[19]
The destruction sites, methodology (dismantling), safety, and environmental
standards are noted in the Article 7 Report. At least 90 percent of explosives
have been recovered, and burning of waste was carried out in accordance with EU
directives.[20]
Mines Retained Under Article 3
In its April 2002 Article 7 Report, Sweden reports
that it is retaining 13,948 antipersonnel mines, including 13,530 Swedish mines
and 418 foreign mines.[21] It
is the second highest number of mines retained by any State Party. It includes
4,000 mines that Sweden did not report last year among the mines it intended to
retain.[22]
Before deciding how many antipersonnel mines to retain, the Armed Forces, in
cooperation with public authorities such as the Swedish Rescue Services Agency,
the Total Defence Research Establishment, and the Defence Material
Administration, analyzed the need for mine clearance activities (education,
research, testing of techniques, and development of methods). Based on this,
the Armed Forces decided to keep complete mines, mine bodies, and mine fuzes to
put in wood and gypsum
dummies.[25]
The Armed Forces calculate that the 733 mines are needed for training each
year. Some 200-300 personnel will be trained annually, with each trainee
detecting and destroying two and four
mines.[26] In addition to the
mines used for training purposes, the Armed Forces calculate that 2,200 mines
are needed for testing and development of mine clearance and detection equipment
over next ten years.[27] Out of
this total, 200 Swedish mines and the 418 foreign mines will be used to test
mine detection equipment.[28]
The rest will be used for testing of Mine Protected Vehicles and other
mechanical equipment used in mine
clearance.[29]
The Ministry of Defence tasked the Armed Forces to analyze the consequences
if Sweden decided to retain only 5,000 antipersonnel mines. They concluded that
this would necessitate purchase of mines from abroad to carry out planned
activities, and consider the alternative of obtaining foreign antipersonnel
mines to be difficult and
expensive.[30]
In February 2002, Foreign Minister Anna Lindh stated, “In the
preparatory work for the annual report that shall be submitted according to
article 7 of the Ottawa Convention Sweden will follow the recommendations to
include information about intended purposes and actual use of the antipersonnel
mines that are retained in accordance with article
3.”[31]
Claymore Mines and Antivehicle Mines
The April 2002 Article 7 Report states, “All
other devices of claymore-type have been reconstructed and rendered useless as
antipersonnel mines.”[32]
Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius told Landmine Monitor that during the last half of 2001,
Truppmina 12 mines were modified so that they can only be used in
command-detonated mode, as a weapon that has to be discharged by a
soldier.[33]
The Article 7 Report adds, “It was also planned to do the same with
anti-vehicle mines of claymore-type. However, due to prohibitive costs...it was
decided instead to focus on measures to ensure that the mines are not used with
tripwires. Thus, it is now prohibited to take the mines out from the storage
without removing the tripwires, furthermore, it is also prohibited to train
soldiers using any kind of tripwires for these
mines.”[34] The order to
this effect was issued on 2 March 2001, and the order prohibits use and
distribution of the fuze as well as tripwires for these mines (Fordonsmina 13
and Fordonsmina 013R).[35]
With regard to the issue of antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or
antihandling devices, the Minister of Foreign Affairs told Parliament in
February 2002 that “the Swedish government is of the opinion that
generally you can’t say that antivehicle and antitank mines with
antihandling devices are comparable to antipersonnel
mines.”[36] She also
stated, “The government considers those antitank mines with antihandling
devices possessed by Sweden to be compliant with the Ottawa
Convention.”[37] Defense
Minister Björn von Sydow stated, “The government does not have the
intention to do a specific inventory of antivehicle and antitank mines with
antihandling devices for reporting to the parties to the
Convention.”[38]
MINE ACTION FUNDING
Calculations of Swedish mine action funding can be
based on funding agreements or actual disbursements of funds. Funds are often
disbursed years after the funding agreement is reached.
Mine action funding agreements in 2001 totaled SEK91.6 million ($8.5
million), according to the Swedish International Development Agency
(SIDA).[39] This compares to
SEK76.7 million in 2000, SEK94.5 million in 1999 and SEK129.5 million in
1998.[40]
Sweden detailed its mine action funding in its report to the OSCE in November
2001.[41] However, SIDA
discovered that the report was incomplete, and has provided Landmine Monitor
with additional information, which is reflected in the following
chart.[42]
Main recipients of SIDA mine action funding in
2001[43]
The above totals do not include SEK5 million donated in April 2001 to the UN
Trust Fund for Assistance in Humanitarian Mine
Action.[47] Of the SEK5
million, SEK500,000 was earmarked for mine action in Yemen, SEK1.7 million to
the work of WG 126 on standardization, and SEK2.5 million in secondment of
personnel to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian
Demining.[48]
Other funding related to mine action, but not included above is:
Sweden’s contribution to the ICRC.
Sweden’s support to demining efforts and survivor assistance through
the EU action against antipersonnel mines.
Sweden’s support to Afghanistan after the United Nations Donor Alert
on 17 November 2001. SIDA gave SEK20 million ($1.84 million) to OCHA in
Afghanistan for “Co-ordination support, demining, protection,
communication (aviation, radio
etc.).”[49] The UN reports
that $1.17 million of the Swedish funding for Afghanistan went to mine
action.[50]
Mine Action Funding Policy
In November 2001, SIDA presented a final report on
its policy regarding support to mine
action.[51] According to the
report, SIDA support to mine action is to be characterized by flexibility and
knowledge about specific contexts. The mine-affected country has ownership of
the mine problem, and SIDA’s support should therefore be long-term and aim
at building local structures and competence. The consequences of conducted
activities must be evaluated continually and the resulting knowledge must be
passed on to new programs. In order to do this, there is a need for thorough
analysis of technical and socio-economic conditions before any decision about
mine action support. Generally, SIDA support shall be directed towards:
Continuing the engagement in areas where SIDA currently is active.
Integrating mine action with other aid programs. Mine action is to be viewed
as a method to overcome a serious obstacle to development.
Contributing to the building of sustainable national structures and local
capacity.
Supporting short-term activities for humanitarian purposes
Regarding humanitarian demining, SIDA support shall be directed
towards:
surveys about the mine problem, including increased competence to conduct
socio-economic impact-assessment analysis,
providing expertise in areas where Sweden has comparative advantages, such
as mine detection dogs and mechanical mine clearance,
support to mine clearance, which will be the largest activity and the
activity that will need the most comprehensive financing.
Survivor
assistance programs will be supported by SIDA within the framework of ordinary
health aid and through its support to organizations such as the Red Cross. SIDA
prefers to earmark as little of the funding as possible, and gives a general
contribution to the ICRC, which then makes its own
priorities.[52] SIDA has
provided the ICRC with 212 million SEK over the last 10
years.[53] Mine awareness will
be supported by SIDA within the framework of support to mine clearance or as an
independent activity.
Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA)
During 2001, SRSA continued working with the UN
Mine Action Coordination Center in Kosovo, with three personnel for quality
control and information management. This support ended with the closure of the
Center at the end of 2001.[54]
On 15 November 2001, the Swedish government decided that the SRSA, with
financing from SIDA, would provide personnel to the UN Mine Action Center for
Ethiopia and Eritrea. The personnel will provide quality control of health
care, IT support and mine clearance
training.[55] SRSA works in
cooperation with SWEDEC (Swedish EOD and Demining Center). SRSA also has one
person seconded to GICHD. Since the beginning of 2001, the SRSA has
participated in two EU projects, the BIOSENS and the DEMAND projects (see
below).[56]
Swedish Armed Forces
Until 2002, Sweden was lead nation in the Western
European Union Demining Assistance Mission (WEUDAM) in Croatia. Sweden is now
contributing one person to the
mission.[57] Sweden is also
contributing six people to the Cambodian Mine Action Center, in a project with
mine detection dogs.[58] Sweden
is also providing support to the humanitarian demining effort by the Baltic
States, including naval
demining.[59]
The Swedish battalion in Kosovo includes one ammunition clearance platoon. A
Swedish Mine Awareness Team (MATT) supported KFOR in Kosovo until December
2001.[60] SWEDEC conducted mine
awareness training for the MATTs in Kosovo, as well basic ammunition and mine
clearance training for the platoon and for future members of the international
ammunition clearance
pool.[61]
Sweden provides personnel as well as financial support for the
standardization work of UXO clearance carried out by the GICHD for UNMAS.
Sweden also takes part in the work on standardizing mine action conducted
through WEU and NATO, through the Partnership for
Peace.[62] During 2002, Sweden
has provided one staff person to the Joint Research Centre Secretariat in Ispra,
Italy.[63] Sweden is involved
in research coordination in the Nordic Demining Research Forum and within the EU
(Action for Research and Information Support in Humanitarian
Demining).[64] Sweden also
participates in the International Test & Evaluation Program.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
During 2001, the Swedish Defence Research Agency
continued to conduct research within the area of ammunition and mine clearance
at the request of the Swedish Armed Forces, SRSA, GICHD, EU, and some other
institutions.[65]
The Biosensor project was launched in 1995 to develop an “artificial
dog nose” sensor system to detect the presence of the explosive
trinitrotoluene (TNT) in vapor form for humanitarian demining. More than
SEK150 million (US$14 million) has since been
invested.[66] The DEMAND
project will support the development of a Biosensor technology system within a
multi-technology mine detector. The Swedish Rescue Services Agency has
received a prototype of the mine
detector.[67] During 2001,
Sweden contributed approximately SEK23 million ($2.13 million) to development of
the Biosensor system for mine
clearance.[68]
Bofors has developed the Mine-Guzzler demining vehicle for humanitarian civil
operations.[69] It is
operational and ready for serial production as soon as there are buyers. The
vehicle has been tested in Croatia, Germany, Egypt, and
Sweden.[70]
The PICE Multi-Sensor (PMS) was designed to be used like a metal detector,
but to disregard non-dangerous objects such as nails or cans. The program was
terminated in April 2001 due to lack of external
financing.[71] At the time of
termination of the program, various functional units had been developed and
tested.
Countermine Technologies is the parent company for three subsidiary
companies, whose activities include development and production of demining
equipment and the conduct of demining operations. During 2001, Countermine
Technologies completed two demining projects in Croatia, which were ordered by
the ITF. The projects cleared 360,000 square meters of land. New projects
started in October 2001, but were stopped in December 2001 because of bad
weather conditions. The projects should be concluded during 2002. Ten to 12
persons (mine clearance personnel and a medical team) are active in the
projects. During 2001, a serious incident occurred with the Oracle machine,
which exploded three antitank mines when it was about to park during a break in
a demining operation. No one was
injured.[72] The Oracle machine
received only small damage and was after recovery able to be driven and
operated.[73] The incident
occurred at a bus stop for school buses in a “Safe Area” (marked by
CROMAC) where there are not supposed to be any
mines.[74]
The mechanical demining machine Scanjack, developed by the Scandinavian
Demining Group, has been in full operation in Croatia since April 2001, clearing
2.5 million square meters of land by the end of the
year.[75] A second machine was
tested by the Swedish Defence Material Administration during the month of
September 2001. This machine is now in use in Croatia by the subsidiary
Scanjack d.o.o. Total revenue from the commercial humanitarian demining
operations in Croatia during 2001 was $1.5
million.[76]
[1] See Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p.
726. [2] This is Sweden’s fourth
report. Article 7 Reports, submitted on 29 October 1999 for the period 1 May-30
September 1999; submitted on 14 June 2000 for the period 1 September 1999-1
April 2000; submitted on 30 April 2001 for the period 1 April 2000-1 April 2001;
and submitted on 25 April 2002 for the period 1 April 2001-1 April
2002. [3] Sweden was represented by
Ambassador Markensten, from the Embassy in Nicaragua, and Counselor Lindahl
Kenny, Permanent Mission to the United Nations in
Geneva. [4] It was represented variously
by Ambassador Henrik Salander and Counselor Lindahl Kenny, Permanent Mission to
the United Nations in Geneva, Lieutenant-Colonel Olof Carelius, Armed Forces,
Daniel Nord, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Johnny Kjellstrom, Ministry of
Defense, and Magnus Carlqvist, Swedish International Development
Agency. [5] Remarks to the Standing
Committee on Stockpile Destruction, Geneva, 31 January 2002. Notes taken by
Landmine Monitor. [6] Speech by Anna
Lindh, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, 7
February 2002. [7] Interview with Anna
Hammarlund, Desk Officer, and Johnny Kjellström, Desk Officer, Ministry of
Defence, Stockholm, 9 January 2002. Finland is the only EU member that has not
joined the Mine Ban Treaty. [8]
Ibid. [9] Statement by Hans Dahlgren,
State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, to the Second CCW Review Conference, 12
December 2001. [10] Article 13 Report,
submitted on 6 and 10 December 2001 (there are two versions of the report).
This reports on the legislative implementation of the Protocol in Sweden,
information exchange and funding of mine action
programs. [11] Email from Dick
Börjesson, Advisor, Ministry of Defence, Stockholm, 8 March
2002. [12] “Swedish position on
the significance of Article 1(c) of the Ottawa Convention as regards
participation in international peace operations,” Memorandum, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, 1 September 2001. [13]
Ibid.; emphasis added. [14]
Ibid. [15] “Vårt deltagande
i en gemensam militär operation där någon av de deltagande
staterna använder antipersonella minor skulle kunna anses strida mot
konventionens anda om vi inte på alla sätt motverkade
användandet av antipersonella minor.” Anna Lindh, Minister of
Foreign Affairs, written answer to question (2001/02:619) in Parliament, 13
February 2002. [16] Remarks to the
Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 31
May 2002. Notes taken by Landmine Monitor (HRW).
[17] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius,
Armed Forces Headquarters, 22 January
2002. [18] Article 7 Reports, Form G, 30
April 2001 and 25 April 2002. [19] See
Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
792. [20] Article 7 Report, Form F, 25
April 2002; email from Johnny Kjellström, Desk Officer, Ministry of
Defence, 8 February 2002. [21] Article 7
Report, Form B, 25 April 2002. Sweden also has 1,590 Truppmina 11 mines that it
counted last year as retained mines. However, it has determined that since it
is not keeping any mine fuzes that could be connected to Truppmina 11, the mine
bodies of Truppmina 11 should not be counted as retained mines. Email from
Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March
2002. [22] Article 7 Report, Form B, 30
April 2001. The additional mines are 1,800 Truppmina10 and 2,200 Truppmina 49B,
all to be kept by the Bofors Defence/Saab Bofors Test Center for development of
mine clearance equipment. [23] 2,840 of
these are mines without fuzes, but which could be connected to fuzes kept for
dummies. Article 7 Report, Form B, 25 April
2002. [24] Article 7 Report, Form B, 25
April 2002. [25] Email from Lt.-Col.
Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March
2002. [26] Article 7 Report, Form D, 25
April 2002. In addition to the complete live mines, the Armed Forces are also
keeping mine bodies of Truppmina 10, Truppmina 11, Splittermina 48, and
Granatmina 43 T mines for training purposes. Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius,
Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March
2002. [27] Article 7 Report, Form D, 25
April 2002. [28] Ibid.; telephone
interview with Daniel Nord, Desk Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 May
2002. [29] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof
Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March 2002. The Truppmina 11 mine
bodies and mine fuzes will also be used for these purposes.
[30] Interview with Lt.-Col. Olof
Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, Stockholm, 1 March
2002. [31] Minister of Foreign Affairs
Anna Lindh, written answer to question (2001/02:691) in Parliament, 14 February
2002. Translated by Landmine Monitor
researcher. [32] Article 7 Report, Form
B, 30 April 2001. [33] Email from
Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 22 January 2002; Amended
Protocol II Article 13 Report, Form C, 6/10 December
2001. [34] Article 7 Report, Form B, 25
April 2002. [35] Email from Lt.-Col.
Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 8 March
2001. [36] Minister of Foreign Affairs
answer to question (2001/02:621) in Parliament, 11 February 2002.
[37] Ibid., 14 March
2002. [38] Minister of Defense
Björn von Sydow, written answer to question (2001/02:857) in Parliament, 13
March 2002. [39] Email from Magnus
Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March
2002. Exchange rate at 7 February 2002: US$1 = SEK10.786, used throughout
except where indicated. [40] “SIDA
support to mine action 1990-2000,” Fact Sheet, Swedish International
Development Agency, October 2000.
[41] Report to the OSCE, 14 November
2001. This report indicates mine action agreements in 2001 totaling SEK67.4
million. [42] Email from Magnus
Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March
2002. [43] This table reports on
decisions taken (agreements) during 2001 to fund mine action programs. Sources
for the funding are an email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, SIDA, 22 March
2002, and Sweden’s report to the OSCE, 15 December 2001, p. 3. The
funding figures in US$ are as included in the OSCE report. Information for the
column “Implementing agency” has been collected from SIDA’s
assistance decision documents and from the annual report required by Article 13
of Amended Protocol II, 6 December 2001, pp. 4-5. Abbreviations used: UNOCHA
– United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to
Afghanistan, NPA – Norwegian People’s Aid, UNOPS – United
Nations Office for Project Services, BHMAC – Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine
Action Centre, ITF – International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine
Victims Assistance, CMAC – Cambodian Mine Action Center, UNDP TF –
UN Development Program Trust Fund, UN MACC – UN Mine Action Coordination
Center, DDG – Danish Demining Group, SRSA – Swedish Rescue Services
Agency, HI – Handicap International, MAG – Mines Advisory
Group. [44] The agreement totals SEK10
million for the period 2001-2003 (SEK4 million 2001, SEK4 million 2002, SEK2
million 2003). Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International
Development Agency, 22 March 2002. [45]
The agreement totals SEK25 million for the period 2001-2003 (SEK10 million 2001,
SEK10 million 2002, SEK5 million 2003). Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk
Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March
2002. [46] Email from Anders Berg,
Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 14 December
2001. [47] Report to the OSCE, 14
November 2001, p. 3, and interview with Sara Uddenberg, Desk Officer, Ministry
for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm, 20 December
2001. [48] Article 7 Report, Form J, 25
April 2002. [49] “Humanitarian
Assistance to Afghanistan 2001 Including Donor Alert 2001-2002,” Fact
Sheet, SIDA, November 2001. [50]
“Update on mine action in Afghanistan,” UN, 15 January
2002. [51] “Inriktning för
SIDAs stöd till minverksamheter” (“Direction for SIDA’s
support to mine action”), Swedish International Development Agency,
November 2001. [52] Email from Magnus
Carlquist, Desk Officer, SIDA, 8 May
2002. [53] Article 7 Report, Form J, 25
April 2002. [54] Email from Anders Berg,
Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 14 December
2001. [55] Press release from the
Swedish Ministry of Defence, 15 November
2001. [56] Email from Anders Berg,
Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 14 December
2001. [57] Article 13 Report, Form F,
6/10 December 2001. [58] Amended
Protocol II Article 13 Report, Form F, 6/10 December 2001; Swedish Armed Forces
Annual Report 2001, International Activities: Developments in the field of EOD
and mine clearance for international peace support and humanitarian
operations,” p. 77. [59] Report to
the OSCE, 14 November 2001, p. 4. [60]
Swedish Armed Forces Annual Report 2001, International activities, p.
77. [61] Ibid., p.
76. [62] Article 13 Report, Form E, 6/10
December 2001. [63] Swedish Armed Forces
Annual Report 2001, International Activities, p.
78. [64] Report to the OSCE, 14 November
2001, p. 4. [65] Swedish Armed Forces
Annual Report 2001, International Activities, p.
73. [66] Email from Henrik Westander,
Consultant for the Biosensor project, 23 January
2002. [67]
Ibid. [68] Ibid., 26 February
2002. [69] www.boforsdefence.se,
accessed on 15 March 2001. [70] Email
from Allan Carlsson, Sales Director, Bofors Defence, 22 January
2002. [71] Email from Lena Eng, Project
Manager (SBD), SAAB Dynamics, 20 February
2002. [72] “Report for
January-September 2001,” Countermine Technologies, and email from
Carl-Erik Ohlsson, Marketing Director and member of the board, Countermine
Technologies, 20 March 2002. [73]
Telephone interview with Carl-Erik Ohlsson, Marketing Director and member of the
board, Countermine Technologies, 18 March
2002. [74] “Report for
January-September 2001,” Countermine
Technologies. [75] Information document
dated 31 December 2001 from Scandinavian Demining group AB, and email with
corrections to the document from Lennart Berglund, Chief Executive Officer,
Scandinavian Demining Group AB, 21 January
2002. [76] Email from Lennart Berglund,
Chief Executive Officer, Scandinavian Demining Group AB, 21 January
2002.
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